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Rikers Island, a symbol of New York City’s fraught relationship with justice and incarceration, houses a complex social world that remains hidden from public view. While most of its detainees are awaiting the resolution of their cases, a smaller group serves sentences too brief for the state prison system, known as “city time.” These short sentences, ranging from just a few days to a year, are typically served in large, overcrowded dormitories notorious for their lack of privacy and sanitation. Within these confines, a resilient social order emerges as incarcerated individuals navigate survival, solidarity, and structure amid the harsh realities of confinement.

David Campbell and Jarrod Shanahan’s City Time , published in January 2025 by NYU Press, offers an unflinching exploration of this hidden world. Both authors draw on their personal experiences serving city time at Rikers to craft a vivid portrayal of daily life inside the jail’s walls. They delve into the routines that define incarceration—sanitation, nourishment, work, and recreation—while capturing the intricate social dynamics that develop among those subjected to this form of punishment. The book also exposes the deep structural injustices underpinning the city’s criminal justice system, highlighting the intersection of race, class, and mental health challenges that contribute to a revolving door of incarceration for many impoverished New Yorkers.

By tracing the authors’ journeys from intake to release, City Time not only recounts a personal experience but also sheds light on the broader societal implications of short-term incarceration. It challenges readers to confront the human cost of a justice system that often prioritizes punishment over rehabilitation and reveals the enduring spirit of those living through city time sentences on Rikers Island.

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On November 18, 2022, the Attorney General appointed Special Counsel Jack Smith to investigate potential violations of law related to efforts to interfere with the lawful transfer of power following the 2020 presidential election and the certification of the Electoral College vote on January 6, 2021. This investigation culminated on August 1, 2023, with a federal grand jury indictment in the District of Columbia charging former President Donald J. Trump with four felony offenses stemming from alleged attempts to use fraud and deceit to overturn the election results.

Following a Supreme Court decision affirming immunity for certain alleged official misconduct, a superseding indictment addressed Mr. Trump’s non-immunized actions. However, upon Mr. Trump’s reelection to the presidency, the Department of Justice moved to dismiss the case on November 25, 2024, adhering to its longstanding position that a sitting President cannot face federal indictment or prosecution.

This volume of the report submitted by Jack Smith on January 7, 2025, prior to his resignation on January 10, details the Special Counsel’s investigation into the “Election Case,” offering transparency on prosecutorial decisions under DOJ regulations (28 C.F.R. § 600.8(c)). It provides a comprehensive account through five sections:

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For much of its history, the death penalty in the United States has been framed as a tool of justice—a way to hold the most vicious criminals accountable for their heinous acts. Stories of grisly murders and the suffering of victims’ families dominated the narrative, overshadowing questions about fairness or accuracy in the system. In this view, the focus was on the victims, while defense attorneys challenging death sentences were often portrayed as meddlesome “do-gooders” intent on exploiting legal technicalities to obstruct justice.

Today, the story has shifted dramatically. The modern narrative exposes a system riddled with errors, inequities, and deceptions—a bureaucracy that rushes individuals to death row without ensuring they are the right ones. According to the Death Penalty Information Center’s Death Penalty Census, the reality is stark: the most common outcome of a death sentence in the United States is not execution but reversal. Only 15.7% of death sentences ultimately result in execution, with the vast majority overturned due to errors or other issues.

With such a low “success” rate, one must ask: Why does this archaic punishment persist? Austin Sarat, William Nelson Cornwell Professor of Jurisprudence and Political Science at Amherst College addresses this question in his recent posting, Why Does the United States Bother to Impose Death Sentences?, in VERDICT: Legal Analysis and Commentary from Justia. In his posting, Professor Sarat concludes:

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Jimmy Carter, the 39th President of the United States, is widely celebrated for his humanitarian efforts and steadfast commitment to global peace. Yet, beyond the halls of politics and diplomacy, Carter has carved out an extraordinary legacy as a man of letters—a poet, novelist, memoirist, and philosopher whose works illuminate the depth of his intellect and the compassion of his soul. He published 32 books. Through his poetry, he reflects on the natural beauty of his beloved Georgia and the universal struggles of humanity. His novels and memoirs weave together personal experiences and historical narratives, offering readers both intimate glimpses into his life and profound meditations on the human condition. As a philosopher, Carter’s writings are infused with moral clarity, challenging readers to contemplate the values of justice, faith, and service. In his December 30, 2024 article in the New York Times, Jimmy Carter: Poet, Novelist, Memoirist, and Philosopher, Rick Rojas explores these dimensions of Carter’s life, presenting him as an artist of words whose literary contributions stand as a testament to a life devoted not only to leadership but also to reflection and expression.

Books by Jimmy Carter

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This compilation is part of an experiment, marking the initial use of Microsoft Copilot as a question-and-answer application.

My QUESTION:

“Can you give me a list of the most popular programming languages for beginners, including those with features incorporating artificial intelligence(AI).”

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The most remarkable aspect of UnitedHealthcare CEO Brian Thompson’s fatal shooting on a New York street in early December wasn’t the crime itself—it was the reaction. Social media erupted, not with shock or mourning, but with outrage at the American health insurance system. Stories of family members denied coverage for serious medical issues flooded comment sections, drowning out the horror of the killing. This collective fury was all the more striking in the wake of an election season where the topic had barely registered, save for vague references—think Trump’s “concepts of a plan”—to tweaking Medicare, Medicaid, or Obamacare. Directed anger at insurance companies like UnitedHealthcare had been conspicuously absent.

As historian Elliott Gorn, who has explored the creation of folk heroes might observe, the arrest of Luigi Mangione—indicted on charges including first-degree murder—has transformed an abstract, systemic issue into a potent moral tale. In an instant, jargon about in-network providers and annual deductibles gave way to a stark narrative of heroes and villains. Mangione became either a cold-blooded murderer or a culture warrior; Thompson, a ruthless CEO draining Americans’ wallets or a devoted family man left bleeding on the street. Suddenly, an opaque corporate giant, shielded by labyrinthine policies and faceless bureaucracy, stood exposed—stripped bare in the public eye as a symbol of unchecked greed.

To see Elliott Gorn’s  December 18 article in Slate, The Latest Icon: How Luigi Mangione joined the pantheon of American Heroes. which expands on this topic,  click here.

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Theo AI, a cutting-edge generative AI (genAI) startup based in the United States, has positioned itself as the first predictive AI platform designed specifically for litigation. Backed by an impressive $2.2 million in pre-seed funding, the company aims to achieve what no other legal tech firm has successfully accomplished: accurately predicting the outcomes of legal disputes well before their resolution.

The concept of AI-driven litigation prediction is not entirely new—Artificial Lawyer has been reporting on similar applications since 2016. However, Theo AI’s innovative use of genAI technology marks a significant departure from earlier approaches, potentially setting a new benchmark in the field of legal technology.

From Artificial  Lawyer  November 2024:

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Chappell, James. The Golden Years, How Americans Invented and Resisted Old Age. Basic Books, 2024 (publication date November 19, 2024).

James Chappell’s The Golden Years provides a compelling and incisive examination of the history of aging in America from the 19th century’s radical yet unrealized visions for reparative pensions to the contemporary decline of collective policy frameworks supporting older adults. Chappell’s narrative is richly detailed and deeply thought-provoking, offering both a historical chronicle and a critique of the evolving relationship between aging, public policy, and societal expectations.

Chappell shines a light on the early idealistic efforts to repair lives disrupted by war and slavery in the post-Civil War era. These movements, though ambitious, were thwarted by political deadlock and systemic inequalities. The author paints a vivid picture of how old-age support became a prominent issue, yet remained mired in compromises that excluded many, particularly African Americans. The 1935 Social Security Act—a cornerstone of the New Deal—marked a turning point, but its benefits were initially restricted to industrial workers, leaving agricultural and domestic laborers, disproportionately Black, on the sidelines.

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A preemptive pardon is an act of clemency issued by a head of state or government before charges are formally brought against an individual. Though relatively rare, this type of pardon can generate intense public and legal debate. To understand the complexities of preemptive pardons, it is necessary to examine their legal basis, potential benefits and drawbacks, as well as historical examples that illustrate their impact on justice, accountability, and executive authority.

Legal Basis for Preemptive Pardons

The legal authority for preemptive pardons in the United States is rooted in the Constitution and clarified through key judicial precedents. Article II, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution grants the president the “Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offenses against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.” This broad language has been interpreted to allow for pardons at any stage of the judicial process, including before charges are formally brought—a concept known as a preemptive pardon.

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About Jurimetrics Journal:

The Jurimetrics Journal is published quarterly  “Jurimetrics is the oldest and most widely circulated peer-reviewed journal in its field and is proud to be the official journal of the American Bar Association Science & Technology Law Section. Currently, the journal is housed at the Sandra Day O’Connor College of Law at Arizona State University (ASU Law) and cosponsored by ASU Law’s Center for Law, Science and Innovation (LSI). An LSI Center faculty fellow advises the Jurimetrics executive board and editorial staff. The journal provides scholars and researchers with a wealth of thoughtful articles. It is frequently cited in opinions of state and federal courts, legal treatises, textbooks, and scholarly articles in a wide range of other journals. These distinctions support Jurimetrics’ claim of being the premier peer-reviewed journal of law, science, and technology.”

From the Spring 2024 issue:

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